Counries

Rtpw;ru;yhe;jpd; $l;Lf; FO epu;thf Kiw 

Method of federal council in Switzerland 

 

gy ,dq;fisf; nfhz;l xU Njrj;ij rk~;b Kiwapd; fPo; ntw;wpfukhf tbtikj;j KjyhtJ Njrk; vd;w ngUikia Rtpl;ru;yhe;Jf;Fz;L. N[u;kd;> gpuQ;R> ,j;jhyp Mfpa gy Njrpa ,dq;fisAk; Njrpa rpWghd;ik ,dq;fisAk; nfhz;l NjrNk Rtpl;ru;yhe;J. gy; Njrpa murpd; tsu;r;rpia ,q;F fhzyhk;. Rtp]; kj;jpa INuhg;ghtpy; cs;s xU rpwpa ehlhFk;. ,jd; gug;gsT mz;zsthf 41>285 r.fp MFk;. ,jd; kf;fs; njhif mz;zsthf 7>318>638 Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; ,d;iwa murpay; ahg;ghdJ 1848y; cUthf;fg;gl;L 1874y; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. 123 ruj;Jf;fisf;  nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 20 KO fd;ld;fisAk; (cantons) 06 miuf; fd;ld;fisAk; nfhz;l xU $l;lhl;rpf; FbaurhFk;. ,q;F ehd;F nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd N[u;kd;> gpuQ;R> ,j;jhyp> Nwhkd;]; nkhop vd;gdthFk;.

Rtpl;ru;yhe;J 13Mk; E}w;wz;by; ,iwikAila gy rpW muRfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpaJ. me;j muRfspd; kPJ M];jpNuypah mbf;fb jhf;Fjy; elj;jp te;jJ. mg;NghJ %d;W fhl;Lf;fd;ld;fs; (Forest cantons) M];jpNuypahtpd; Nkyhz;ikf;F vjpuhf Nghupl;L ntw;wpaile;jd. me;j %d;W fd;ld;fSk; jw;fhg;gpw;fhfTk; jq;fs; cupikfis ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; xU $l;likg;gpid epWtpf; nfhz;ld. ,e;jf; $l;Ljhd; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; $l;lhl;rpapd; njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ. ,J Nerf;FO (confederation) vd;W miof;fg;ggl;lJ.

,q;fpyhe;jpy; jiyik mikr;rNu murhq;fj;ij elhj;Jfpwhu;. mnkupf;fhtpy; FbauR jiytNu rfy mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;W nrayhw;Wfpd;whu;. Mdhy; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; epu;thf mjpfhuk; jdpnahUtuplk; nfhLf;fg;glhky; VO Ngu; mlq;fpa $l;lhl;rpf; FOtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. VO fTd;rpyu;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;j vOtu; kd;wk;jhd; ehd;fhz;L fhyj;jpw;F epue;jukhfg; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg; gLfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; VO NgUk; $l;lhf ,ize;J Ml;rp nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;.

   

Rtp]; murpayikg;G mnkupf;f fhq;fpu]; Nghd;w xU Njrpa ghuhSkd;wj;ij epWtpAs;sJ. mJ $l;lhl;rp ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ $l;lhl;rp Nguit (Federal Assembly) vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; Njrpa rig khepyq;fs; rig vd;w ,uz;L rigfs; cs;sd. Njrparig kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 200 cWg;gpdu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; kf;fs; njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdu; mjhtJ 24000 kf;fSf;F xU gpujpepjp vd;w mbg;gilapy; njupTfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.  khepyq;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;lNj khepyq;fs; rigahFk;. ,J kpfTk; rpwpa rigahFk;. ,jpy; 46 cWg;gpdu;fs; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. 20 KOf;fd;ld;fSk; jyh ,uz;L cWg;gpdu; tPjk; ngWfpd;wJ. 06 miu fd;ld;fSk; jyh xU cWg;gpdu; tPjk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jd; gb ,r;rigapy; 46 cWg;gpdu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ,t;tpuz;L rigfSk; ehd;fhz;L fhyj;jpw;F gjtptfpf;fntd njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

   

Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; epu;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; “$l;lhl;rp epu;thff; FO” vd;w jdpj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa epWtdj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xU “gd;ik” my;yJ “$l;Lf;FO” (Plural or collegiate executive) MFk;. ,J cyfpy; NtW ve;j ehLfspYk; ,y;yhj xU GJikahd KiwahFk;. ,jd; mikg;gpid Nehf;Fk; NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfshYk; (National council and council of states) mtw;wpd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lk; xd;wpy; ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpdu; Njue;;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;bUf;;Fk; vy;yh Rtp]; kf;fSk; ,e;j $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpw;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl jFjpAilatu;fs; vd;W murpayikg;G $Wfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wk; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; ,Ue;Nj ,e;j VO NgiuAk; njupT nra;fpd;wJ. $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpw;F Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l VO NgUk; jq;fsJ ghuhSkd;w gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mt;Ntis Vw;gLk; ghuhSkd;w ,ilntspia epwg;Gtjw;F Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gLk;. murpayikg;gpd;gb xU fd;ldpy; ,Ue;J xUtUf;F Nky; $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpw;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;glf; $lhJ. vdNt ehsiltpy; vy;yhf; fd;ld;fspypUe;Jk; gpujpepjpfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;glyhapdu;. kugpd;gb ehd;F cWg;gpdu;fs; N[u;kd; nkhop NgRk; fd;ldpy; ,Ue;Jk; ,uz;L cWg;gpdu; gpuQ;R  nkhop NgRk; fd;ldpy; ,Ue;Jk; xUtu; ,j;jhyp nkhop NgRk; fd;ldpy; ,Ue;Jk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; Kk;nkhop NgRgtu;fSf;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilfpd;wJ.

   

$l;lhl;rpf;FO cWg;gpdu;fs; VO NgUk; Mlk;guk; ,y;yhky; jd;dlf;fj;JlDk;> gz;G eaj;JlDk; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu;. gjtpNaw;Fk; Kd;G xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; “$l;lhl;rpapd; murpayikg;gpw;Fk; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; tpRthrkhf ,Ug;Ngd; vd;Wk;> Rtp]; ehl;bd; xw;WikiaAk; typikiaAk; nfsutj;ijAk; fhg;Ngd; vd;Wk;> jha; ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; kf;fspd; cupikfisAk; ghJfhg;Ngd; vd;Wk; vd;dhy; Kbe;jtiu vd; flikfis nra;Ntd; vd;Wk; vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtd; Kd; cWjp $WfpNwd;. flTs; vdf;F Jiz epw;ghuhf” vd;W ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; Kd; cWjpnkhop vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. thuj;jpy; xU Kiw $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; $l;lk; eilngWk;. Fiwe;jJ ehd;F cWg;gpdu;fshtJ te;jpUe;jhy; jhd; $l;lj;ij elhj;j KbAk;.

   

$l;lhl;rpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; VO Ngupy; xUtiuj; jiytuhfTk; kw;nwhUtiu Jizj; jiytuhfTk; Xuhz;Lfhyj;jpw;F kl;Lk; gjtp tfpf;fntd ghuhSkd;wk; Nju;e;njLfpd;wJ. xuhz;by; jiytuhfTk; Jizj; jiytuhfTk; ,Ug;gtu;fs; kW Mz;by; kPz;Lk; jiytuhfTk; Jizj; jiytuhfTk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtij murpayikg;G jil nra;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,e;j Mz;by; Jizj;jiytuhf ,Ug;gtu; mLj;j Mz;by; jiytuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;. Kjy; Mz;bd; Jizj; jiytu; mLj;j Mz;bd; jiytuhfj; Njue;njLf;fg; gLtNj kughfTs;sJ. $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpy; ,Uf;Fk; cWg;gpdu;fs; gy Mz;L njhlu;e;J gjtpapy; ,Ug;gjhy; mNdfkhf vy;yh cWg;gpdu;fSk; Kjypy; Jizj;jiytuhfTk; gpwF jiytuhfTk; nghWg;Ngw;gu;.

   

$l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; jiytu; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; $l;lhl;rpf;F epu;thfj; jiytuhthu;. “FbauR jiytu;” vd;w gl;lk; kl;LNk cs;sJ. kw;wg;gb rpwg;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; vJk; fpilahJ. “rkkhdtu;fspy; Kjy;tu;” (first among the equals) vd;gJ jhd; mtuJ epiy. $l;lhl;rpf; FOj;jiytupd; gzpfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ kw;w cWg;gpdu;fisg; NghyNt ,tUk; xU Jiwf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;whu;. Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; FbauR jiytu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhYk; mtu; ngausthfj;jhd; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. mtu;jkJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; kw;w cWg;gpdu;fistpl XusT Cjpak; mjpfkhf ngWfpd;whu;.  

   

NkYk; cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L mYty;fspy; ehl;bd; jiytuhf ,Uf;fpd;whu;. $l;lhl;rpf; FO $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Ffpd;whu;. kw;wj; Jiwfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;fpd;whu;. $l;lhl;rpf; FO $l;lj;jpy; rk vz;zpf;ifahd thf;Ffs; mspf;fg;gl;lhy; mtu; “,Wjp thf;F” mspg;ghu;. ntspehl;Lj; JhJtu;fisAk;> jiytu;fisAk; tuNtw;wy;> ntspehl;Lj;J}Jtu;fis epakpj;jy;> ehl;bd; Kf;fpa tpohf;fspy; jiyik jhq;Fjy; Nghd;w nfsut gzpfisr; nra;fpd;whu;. ,tu; mnkupf;f FbauR jiytu; Nghd;W rpwe;j mjpfhuk; cilatu; vd;Nwh ,q;fpyhe;J murpNghy ey;y nry;thf;F cilatu; vd;Nwh $wKbahJ.

   

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rigfs; ,uz;Lk; jiytiuj; Nju;njLg;gJ NghyNt> xU Jizj;jiytiuAk; Nju;e;njLfpd;wd. jiytu; ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; ,tu; jiytupd; mYty;fis nra;thu;. mtUk; Xuhz;L fhyNk gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghu;. nghJthf kW Mz;L mtiu jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; kuG cz;L.

   

$l;lhl;rpf; FO $l;lq;fspd; epfo;r;rpfs; ,ufrpakhfNt eilngWk;. nghJthf ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy; vy;yh KbTfSk; vLf;fg;gLk;. Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; ,f;$l;Lf;FO epu;thf Kiwapd; Kf;fpaj; jd;ikfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ Kjyhtjhf FO cWg;gpdu;fs; xt;nthU Jiwapd; jiytu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mjhtJ $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpy; cs;s VO cWg;gpdu;fSk; VO JiwfSf;Fg; nghWg;gf cs;sdu;. mitahtd ntspehl;L muRfs;> cs;Jiw> ePjpAk;>fhty; JiwAk;> epjpAk; Rq;f tupAk;> ,uhZtk;> nghJg; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; jghy; je;jp ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gdthFk;.  ,e;j VO cWg;gpdu;fspy; rpyu; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtjhy; ,yhf;fhtpd; nfhs;ifapYk; eltbf;ifapYk; xU njhlu;r;rpia fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

   

NkYk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ ehd;F Mz;L fhyj;jpw;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; $l;lhl;rpf;FO mjd; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk;tiu epue;jukhf ,Uf;Fk;. mij gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;f KbahJ. NkYk; cWg;gpdu;fs; jpUk;gj;jpUk;g Nju;e;njLf;fg; gLtjhy; epu;thfj; JiwapYk; mjd;nfhs;ifapYk; xU njhlu;r;rpia fhz Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk; epu;thff; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; rl;lkd;w eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhz;L rl;lrig cWg;gpdu;fs; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; gjpyspf;fpd;whu;fs;. Mdhy; ,tu;fs; thf;fspg;gpy; fye;J nfhs;s KbahJ. fhuzk; ,tu;fs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; my;y. mtu;fs; nfhz;LtUk; kNrhjh rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhy; ,tu;fs; gjtp tpyfj; Njitapy;iy. vdNt ehd;fhz;L fhyj;jpw;F Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; $l;lhl;rpf;FO mjd; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAtiu gjtptfpf;Fk;.

   

,f;$l;lhl;rpf; FO Kiwapd; rpwg;G vd;dntdpy; ,J xU fl;rp rhu;gw;w mikg;ghFk;. ve;j xU fl;rpahYk; mikf;fg;gl;ljy;y. ngUk; ghd;ik fl;rpapd; nfhs;ifia epiwNtw;Wk; gzpiaAk; Vw;ftpy;iy. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpNa murhq;fj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; kf;fNs jiytiuj; Nju;e;njLf;fpd;wdu;. gpuhd;rpy; rpy fl;rpfspd; $l;lzpNa murhq;fj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; murhq;fj;ij mikg;gNjh kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhdjhf cs;sJ. $l;lhl;rpf; Fotpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ehl;bd; gy murpay; fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J mtu;fsJ jFjp> jpwik> mDgtk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. Rtp]; murhq;fk; 1959Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ehd;F Kf;fpa fl;rpfspd; $l;lzpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; xt;nthU fl;rpf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. thf;fspf;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iwg; gfpu;e;jpUj;jiyNa ,J czu;j;JfpwJ. 2CVP/PDC, 2SPS/PSS, 2FDP/PRD kw;Wk; 1959y; ,Ue;J 2003 tiu epiyj;jpUe;jjhy; 1 SVP/UDC Mfpa fl;rpfspd; rpwg;ghd gq;fPl;L KiwiaNa “khar; #j;jpuk;” vd;wiof;fpd;wdu;. 2007 $l;likg;G Ml;rpf;FO Nju;jypy; ngluy; Ml;rpf;FOtpd; VO ,lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW gfpug;gl;ld. rKjha [dehaf fl;rp(SPS/PSS)- 2> Rje;jpu [dehaf fl;rp (FDP/PRD)- 2.Rtp]; kf;fs; fl;rp(SVP/UDC)- 2> fpwp];jt [dehaf kf;fs; fl;rp (CVP/PDC)- 01 vd;w mbg;gilapy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld. ,t;thW gy;NtW fl;rpfis Nru;e;jtu;fshf ,Ug;gpDk; jq;fsJ fUj;J Ntw;Wikia xJf;fptpl;L nghJ ed;ikia fUjpNa nray;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,e;j $l;lhl;rpf; FO nfhs;if cUthf;Ftjpy;iy ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;JtNj ,jd; gzp.

   

VO cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l $l;lhl;rpf; Fotpy; Kjy; ngz; cWg;gpduhf 1984-1989 tiu vyprgj; Nfhg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. 1998 ,y; Kjy; ngz; mjpguhf &j;l;Nuap/G]; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L 1999 ,d; NghJ mjpguhf gjtp tfpj;jhu;. 2007 ,y; Rtp]; Ml;rpf; Fotpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;j kpf;nriyd; fhy;kpNu ,uz;lhtJ ngz; mjpguhthu;. ,tu; gpuQ;Rg; NgRk;gFjpahd n[dPNt kz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;jtu;. ,tu; ,g;NghJ Mu;fhA kz;lyj;ij Nru;e;j Nlhup]; Yju;l;L kw;Wk; f;nusgz;nld;l; kz;lyj;ij Nru;e;j <t;iyd; tpl;ku; ];fYk;/g; Mfpa ,uz;L ngz;kzpfSld; jw;NghJ VO cWg;gpdu; rig mjhtJ cau; Ml;rpf; FOtpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ngz;fSf;Fk; $l;lhl;rp epu;thff; FOtpy; ,lk;ngw tha;g;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sikia mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

   

$l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fis ehk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ> mJ gd;ikg; gLj;jg;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murpay; mikg;gpd;gb mjw;F gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; mjhtJ $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpdu; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; my;yu;> vd;whYk; mjd; ,U rigfspYk; mku;e;J mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffspy; gq;Nfw;Fk; cupik ,tu;fSf;Fz;L. NkYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; kNrhjhf;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit $l;lhl;rpf;FO cWg;gpdu;fshNyNa Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rhjhuz cWg;gpdu;fshy; Kd;nkhopag;gLk; kNrhjhf;fisf;$l $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; Ma;tpw;F ghuhSkd;wk; mDg;gpitf;fpd;wJ. ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lq;fis nghJg;gilahf ,aw;wp> mtw;wpd; EZf;fkhd tptuq;fis $l;lhl;rpf; FOit gpwg;gpf;FkhW  Nfl;Lf; nfhs;tJ $l;lhl;rpf; FOit XusT rl;lkd;wkhf;Ftjhf njd;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd kNrhjhf;fs; $l;lhl;rpf; FOthy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLtJjhd; kuG. murhq;fk; ruptu nraw;gl xU Gjpa rl;lk; Njitnad;W $l;lhl;rpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; tpUk;gpdhNyh> my;yJ kf;fSf;F xU Gjpa rl;lk; Njitnad;W fUjpdhNyh $l;lhl;rpf; FO xU kNrhjhit tiue;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;gpf;Fk;. gy rkaq;fspy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfSk; jPu;khdk; xd;iw epiwNtw;wp rpy kNrhjhf;fis Njhw;Wtpf;FkhW $l;lhl;rpf;FO cWg;gpdu;fis Nfl;Lf; nfhs;tJz;L. ,g;gbg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fis cldbahf Vw;W kNrhjhf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg; gLj;JtJ $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; flikahf cs;sJ. $l;lhl;rpf; FO xU kNrhjhit mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mJ gw;wpa jd; fUj;Jf;fs; mlq;fpa mwpf;ifiaAk; rku;gpf;Fk;.

mLj;jjhf fd;ld;fspd; rl;lq;fis Muha;e;J fd;ld;fspd; epu;thfj;ijAk; Nkw;ghu;itapl;L jd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; $l;lhl;rpf; FO nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J kl;Lkd;wp ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ mjd; VNjDk; xU rigapd; tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; rpwg;G mwpf;iffis rku;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ $l;lhl;rp rl;lg;gbNa $l;lhl;rpf;FO jdJ epu;thfg; gzpfis Mw;WfpwJ. epu;thfj;Jiwapd; xt;nthU Kf;fpakhd KbTfSk; $l;lhl;rpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fshy; jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; vLf;fg;glhky; $l;lhl;rpf; FOthy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. $l;lhl;rpg; gjpNtlfk; (Federal chancery) vd;w mYtyfk; $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; mYtyfkha; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gpd;tUk; epu;thfg; nghWg;Gf;fis Mw;wp tUfpd;wJ vdyhk;. Njrpa murpayikg;G> $l;lhl;rp rl;lq;fs;> ePjpj; jPu;g;Gf;fs;> $l;lhl;rp cld;gbf;iffs; Mfpait kjpf;fg;gl;L ruptu epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gij fz;fhzpj;J mtw;iw nray; gLj;Jfpd;wJ. $l;lhl;rp rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; ve;j fd;ld; muRfshtJ jtwpdhy; mtw;wpd; kPJ $l;lhl;rpf; FO jFe;j eltbf;if vLf;Fk;.

   

mLj;jjhf fd;ld;fspd; murpayikg;gpw;F cWjp mspj;J mitfs;$l;lhl;rp murpayikg;gpw;F Kuzhd nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;w tplhky; jil nra;fpd;wJ. ghuhSkd;wNkh> ePjp kd;wNkh my;yJ NtW ve;j epWtdNkh epakpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epu;zapf;fg;glhj gjtpfSf;Fupa mjpfhupfis $l;lhl;rpf;FO epakpf;Fk;. NkYk; ,f;FOtpw;F epu;thfj;Jiwfspy; gzpGupAk; Copau;fspd; Ntiyia Nkw;ghu;it nra;Ak; mjpfhuKk; cz;L.

   

,jidj; njhlu;e;J khepyq;fspd; murpayikg;Gf;fs; Kiwg;gb nray;gLfpd;wdth vd;W fz;fhzpg;gJk;> khepyq;fSf;fpilNaAk; may;ehLfSf;fpilNaAk; nra;Jnfhs;Sk; cld;gbf;iffis Vw;gjh my;yJ kWg;gjh vd;W KbT nra;tJk; $l;lhl;rpf;FOtpw;Fupa mjpfhukhFk;. ,t;thwhd epu;thf mjpfhuq;fis Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; $l;Lf;FO epu;thfk; Nkw; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.

   

,jidj; njhlu;e;J $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpw;Fwpa ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ cau; ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;Gf;fisAk;> khepyq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; xg;ge;jq;fisAk; $l;lhl;rpf; FONt nray;g;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. $l;lhl;rpapd; mjpfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tof;Ffs; kPJ KbntLf;Fk; cupik ,f;FOtpw;Fz;L. NtW rpy tof;Ffs; $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpw;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. epu;thfj;Jiwapd; KbTfSf;nfjpuhf Nky; tof;Ffis (appeals) tprhuiz nra;J ePjptoq;Fk;. vt;thW ,Ug;gpDk; $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; ePjpj; Jiwf;F nghWg;ghf cs;sJ.

   

$l;lhl;rpf;FOtpd; epjp mjpfhuq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ ehl;bd; epjp epu;thfj;ij fz;fhzpg;gJ> tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;ij jahupg;gJ> tuT nryT fzf;fpid ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F rku;gpj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jNdhL NkYk; rpy mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; $l;lhl;rpapd; ,uhZtj;ijAk; mjd; epu;thfj;ijAk; $l;lhl;rpf;FO jd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ghuhSkd;wf; $l;lq;fs; eilngwhj nghOJ neUf;fb epiyik Vw;gl;lhy; mij rkhspf;f gilgyj;ij cgNahfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mtru fhyq;fspy; ,jw;F giljpul;Lk; mjpfhuKk; cz;L.

   

neUf;fb fhyq;fspy; epyikia rkhspf;f ghuhSkd;wk; $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpw;F vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fis mspf;fpd;wJ. Rtp]; Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; nghUshjhu eyd;fisAk; ghJfhf;f $l;lhl;rpf;FO mtrpankd;W epidf;Fk; nray;fs; midj;ijAk; nra;ayhk; vd;W 1939y; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ ghuhSkd;wk; $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpw;F mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpaJ. ,t;thW $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; mjpfhuk; vy;iyaw;wjhf cs;sJ. Mdhy; rl;lj;jpd; gb ghu;j;jhy; mJ rl;lkd;wj;jpd; Ntiyahs; Nghy; cs;sJ vd;W $wyhk;. Vnddpy; ghuhSkd;wk;jhd; $l;lhl;rpf; FOit Nju;e;njLf;fpd;wJ. jiytUk; Jizj;jiytUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhNyNa  Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. $l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; gzpfs; ngUk;ghYk; Nkw;ghu;itapLk; gzpfshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. ghuhSkd;wk; cUthf;Fk; nfhs;iffis nray;gLj;JtNj ,jd; gzpahf cs;sJ.

   

vt;thwhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,f;$l;lhl;rpf; FOtpd; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik vd;dntdpy; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; epu;thfj;Jiw jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhFk;. mJ ghuhSkd;w Kiw> [dhjpgjp Kiw Mfpa ,uz;L tifahd epu;thfj;Jiwapd; fyitahf fhl;rpaspf;fd;wJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ ghuhSkd;w Kiwia Nghd;W fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf $l;lhl;rpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg; gLfpd;whu;fs;> rl;lkd;w eltbf;iffspy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;> rl;lkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fis eilKiwg; gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw $wyhk;. ,jNdhL [dhjpgjp Kiwf;F $l;lhl;rpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; my;y> gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;du; gjtp tpyf;f KbahJ> mtu;fshy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; kNrhjhf;fs; rl;lkd;wj;jhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhYk; mtu;fs; gjtp tpyfj; Njitapy;iy Nghd;w fhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L mJ [dhjpgjp Ml;rpKiwia Nghd;wJ vd;W $wyhk;. nkhj;jj;jpy; Rtp]; ehl;L epu;thfj;Jiwahfpa $l;lhl;rpf; FO ghuhSkd;wKiw> [dhjpgjp Ml;rp Kiw Mfpa ,uz;bYk; cs;s Fiwfis ePf;fptpl;L ed;ikfis kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W  $wyhk;.

   

ghuhSkd;wKiw Ml;rpapy; mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf cs;sJ> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik mjpfhuj;Jld; mJ ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. ngUk;ghd;ik MjuT ,y;iy vd;why; mikr;ruit ftpo;e;J NghFk;. Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; $l;lhl;rpf; FO rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;G $Wfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ngUk;ghd;ik Mjuit ek;gpapUf;fj; Njitapy;iy. $l;lhl;rpf; FO nfhz;LtUk; kNrhjhf;fis rl;lkd;wk; Njhw;fbj;jhy; mtu;fs; gjtp tpyfj; Njitapy;iy. Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; epu;thfj;Jiw [dhjpgjp Ml;rpapidg; Nghd;W epiyahdjhFk;. Mdhy; [dhjpgjp MlrpKiwapy; epu;thfkhfpa FbauR jiytu; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;G tha;e;jtu; my;y. Mdhy; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; $l;lhl;rpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;G tha;e;jtu;fshtu;.

   

    Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murpayikg;G Neub kf;fshl;rpf;F ,lk; nfhLj;Js;sikahy; ,q;F ,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fshd ,U mit ehlhSkd;wk; (Federal Assembly)> $l;likg;G Ml;rpf;FO> $l;likg;G ePjpkd;wk; Mfpait kf;fspd; tpUg;gpw;fpzq;fpNa nraw;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; rl;lq;fis Mf;fTk;> tpUk;ghjtw;iw epuhfupf;fTk; cupikAilatu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ,jdhy; ,q;F kf;fspiwikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;. ,t;thwhd mbg;gilapy; $l;likg;G epu;thff;FO jdJ epu;thf flikfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.

    Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; mjpfhug;gpupthdJ njspthf tiuag;glhj NghjpYk; mq;F ru;thjpfhu Nghf;fpw;F ,lkspf;fhjtifapy; murpayikg;G fhzg;gLtNjhL kuGfSk; ,jw;Fj;Jiz Gupfpd;wd. ,jdhy; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;jtifapNyNa %d;WJiwfSk; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; $l;lhl;rp epu;thff;FOthdJ mjpfhuk;kpf;fjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W $wyhk;. vt;thW ,Ug;gpDk; ,q;F kf;fs; mjpfhuj;jpw;Nf Kf;fpa ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

    ,t;thwhd murpay; KiwfspD}lhf fPioj;Njr ehLfs; Fwpg;ghf Mrpa ehLfs; gy murpay; fyhrhuq;fisAk; mZFKiwfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf cs;sJ. fhuzk; gy ,d kf;fis nfhz;L fhzg;gltjdhy;> murpaypd; epiyahd jd;ikapid NgzTk;> mgptpUj;jpapid Kd;ndLf;fTk; ,t;thwhd El;gq;fs; toptFf;Fk; vdyhk;. NkYk;> njhlu;e;J epytp tUk; murpay; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk;> Nkhjy;fSf;Fk; Rtp]; Nghd;w ehLfspd; El;gq;fis ifahs;tjD}lhf Xustpw;F jPu;Tfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mjNdhL kf;fs; ,iwikf;F Kf;fpaj;jtk; mspf;fg;gLtjdhYk;> rkkhf vy;yh kf;fSk; Nehf;fg;gLtjd; %yKk; gy gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhz KbAk; vd;gjw;F Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; murpay; Kiwik xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

Counries